Case Study: Implementing EQUASHIELD CSTDs in German Ostalb Hospitals

This account is based on interviews and written documentation provided by the hospitals, and has been approved for publication.

In an era where oncology healthcare workers face growing challenges, the implementation of Closed System Transfer Devices (CSTDs) is significantly enhancing their safety. This life saving technology has been adopted by many countries as a standard, however Germany has not yet mandated their use. Three German hospitals have pioneered the use of closed-system transfer devices (CSTDs) out of concern for their oncology team’s exposure to dangerous medications. They adopted EQUASHIELDs CSTDs to enhance their hazardous drug handling procedures, ensuring a safer and more efficient work environment. The hospitals documented the entire process and conducted in-depth interviews with the pharmacy manager to assess the efficacy of the system. This blog post explores the impact of EQUASHIELD’s Closed System Transfer Device (CSTD) on Ostalb hospitals over a 12-month period from January to December 2017, with an updated evaluation conducted in 2024. 

Understanding the Risks in Oncology

Oncology healthcare professionals face the risk of exposure to hazardous antineoplastic drugs on a daily basis. The very nature of these cytotoxic drugs which makes them so effective in combating cancer cells also makes them dangerous to healthy cells. 

Infusion therapy typically necessitates individual preparation for each patient before administration. The preparation process can lead to errors, spillages, needlestick injuries, aerosolization, and workplace contamination. Potential exposure poses significant health risks to workers throughout the entire lifecycle, from preparation through waste disposal. While patients receive concentrated doses of a limited number of Hazardous Medicinal Products (HMPs) for a defined period, workers may be exposed to small doses of a wide range of hazardous medicinal products over decades, with some experiencing daily exposure year after year.1

Exposure can occur via skin contact, ingestion, or inhalation of airborne particles. Short term health effects from minimal exposure to hazardous drugs over a long period include hair loss, taste disturbances, headaches, reproductive disorders, miscarriages, infections, and respiratory diseases. Often, the effects of exposure are long-term, not becoming evident for years or even generations of continuous exposure. Given that cancer can take decades to manifest, a diagnosis of breast cancer or leukemia in a nurse or pharmacist today might stem from workplace exposure to hazardous drugs starting in the 1980s. 2

These risks necessitate that health facilities treating cancer patients implement stringent safety precautions. Essential precautions include using personal protective equipment (PPE), following local regulations, and employing suitable solutions like CSTDs for handling chemotherapy drugs.

What are CSTDs?  

According to the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), a CSTD (Closed System Transfer Device) is a drug transfer device that mechanically prohibits the transfer of environmental contaminants into the system and the escape of hazardous drugs or vapors outside of the system. CSTDs play a crucial role in ensuring safe drug compounding and administration by protecting healthcare practitioners from exposure via leaks, spills, and vapor release.

Improving Oncology Safety at Ostalb Hospitals 

Ostalb Klinikum Mutlangen, along with two affiliated hospitals in Southwest Germany, were preparing and administering around 6,500 chemotherapy cycles and 20,000 cytostatic preparations annually. While many countries have established stricter protocols for managing hazardous drugs, Germany has not yet followed suit. Recognizing the paramount importance of staff safety, Ostalb hospitals chose to lead the way in Germany by pioneering the use of CSTDs. Before switching to EQUASHIELD, the pharmacy was not using a closed system for handling hazardous drugs.  

The pharmacy manager was eager to transition to a safer system primarily due to exposure risks. In a dedicated effort to improve safety for their oncology healthcare workers, the hospitals decided to adopt CSTDs. They identified their criteria for choosing a CSTD brand as follows: 

  • A system consisting of defined connectors, Vial Adaptors, Syringe Adaptors, and Luer Lock components for administration 
  • A leak-proof device that can manage multiple membrane access 
  • A system that will reduce occurrences of accidental disconnections and spike falloffs 
  • A system that is practical to use and will not impede workflow of busy hospital staff 
  • A system that is clinically validated to effectively protect healthcare workers 

The Decision Process 

The primary reason for selecting a closed system transfer device was to protect the oncology staff from hazardous drug contamination. The hospitals also aimed to preserve medication integrity and streamline the compounding process. The Pharmacy Manager at the time recognized the critical importance of safeguarding Pharmacy Technicians in the hazardous drugs compounding department. The high volume of daily production and the gradual decline of focus throughout the day had led to  needlestick injuries. Recognizing these hazardous incidents, she was committed to transition to a safer system for her team. She also felt a responsibility to protect the oncology nurses from exposure by residual chemicals on the outside of the prepared medications they were handling.  

The concept of a closed system remained a critical topic of discussion within the team. However, until they discovered EQUASHIELD there had been no practical closed system available on the market that could effectively meet their stringent requirements for both safety and functionality. The decision process to switch to a closed system took approximately six months and involved convincing the hospital management of its benefits, which outweigh the costs, keeping the staff safe. The Ostalb hospitals assessed various CSTD brands and chose EQUASHIELD based on their clinically proven safety and efficacy, product reliability, and user-friendly design. 

Implementing EQUASHIELD CSTDs

Staff Reactions  

It took one week for the pharmacy technicians to adapt to the EQUASHIELD system. The adoption process was seamless and intuitive, allowing them to effortlessly learn how to use the products. After the training and clinical onboarding the staff quickly adapted and learned how easy and intuitive is to use EQUASHIELD CSTDs in their workflow. After this period, they expressed high satisfaction and a preference for this system over others.  

The hospitals reported several significant improvements immediately after implementation: 

  • Improved safety for healthcare professionals 
  • Reduced risk when handling cytotoxic drugs, resulting in improved workflows and stress-free handling of patient doses 
  • Completely dry connections with no spills or drips 
  • No foaming during drug withdrawal 
  • Easier preparation when reconstituting lyophilized powders 
  • User friendly and fail proof application due to the red marked notches that indicate specifically how to apply it 
Hospitals implementing CSTD

Compatibility 

The hospitals noted smooth integration. Components they use include syringe units, spike adaptors, luer lock adaptors, female connectors, and vial adaptors. They utilized a standard tubing system.   

The hospitals have adopted EQUASHIELD for all cytotoxic preparations, including antibodies, finding it advantageous over the previous method of using specific equipment for each medication based on compatibility. 

One-Year Evaluation 

Overall Improvements 

One year after adopting EQUASHIELD’s CSTDs, all three Ostalb hospitals witnessed significant improvements in multiple areas. EQUASHIELD’s CSTD system substantially reduced contamination in the pharmacy and hospital. Reduced preparation times resulted in significant time savings in daily production. The system’s user-friendly design, with intuitive handling and clear application markings, ensures reliable and fail proof administration. Administration times have been reduced, and repetitive motion injuries have been prevented. The customer service team is responsive and ensures quick delivery, usually within 3-4 days. 

Evaluating Surface Contamination Reduction 

Wipe sampling was performed at multiple locations within the hospital system at various time points following the EQUASHIELD implementation. Of the three types of drugs used for sampling—Cisplatin, Fluorouracil, and Cyclophosphamide—all trackers pointed to lower traces of drug residue, with the vast majority being under 0.2 ng per sample detection limits. 

This reduction in contamination not only enhances the safety of pharmacists and nurses but also contributes to a clean and safe environment for support staff throughout the lifecycle of the medication. 

Time Savings

In addition to improving safety, EQUASHIELD’s CSTD have also proven to be time savers in drug preparation. When calculating the time saved while preparing top chemotherapy agents used daily, it was identified that drug preparation times could be reduced significantly by using EQUASHIELD CSTD. In some cases, the time savings were as much as 3.5 minutes per dose. Cetuximab alone saved 455 minutes annually. Similarly, other medications such as Fluorouracil, Avastin, and Herceptin achieved significant time reductions. The annual time savings in drug preparation for each staff member across 29 evaluated drugs totaled over 3,856 minutes. 

Time savings in chemotherapy preparation with Equashield CSTDs

Evaluating EQUASHIELD 7 Years Later 

Seven years after integrating EQUASHIELD’s CSTD system into their daily operations, the hospitals continue to see improvements in staff satisfaction, time savings, and contamination reduction. The Ostalb hospital’s experience has been positive since its implementation. They are satisfied with the premium safety standards and would never consider using an alternative system. Annual wipe tests confirm that the enhanced safety levels, achieved since adoption, are consistently maintained. The system’s ease of use and safety features have significantly improved the workflow in the pharmacy department. An unexpected benefit is that the exceptional safety standards make it significantly easier to retain and recruit new staff to the oncology department. As a result, staff turnover has decreased significantly for the past seven years. 

Adopting EQUASHIELD’s closed system technology has brought significant benefits to Ostalb hospitals, enhancing safety, streamlining workflows, and boosting staff morale. 

Navigating the New EU Directives on HMPs 

The implementation of EQUASHIELD CSTDs has ensured hospital compliance with the latest EU directives on hazardous medicinal products (HMPs). The new regulations outline which medicines are considered carcinogenic, mutagenic, or reprotoxic potential. Under the new regulations, hospitals are required to use closed systems for the updated list of HMPs by April 2024. The EQUASHIELD system meets and exceeds these safety requirements, providing a safe and efficient solution for pharmacists and nurses. 

If you’re interested in learning more about how EQUASHIELD can benefit your healthcare facility, please reach out to one of our experts here.

Case Study: CSTD use in Veterinary Medicine  

Dogs get cancer at roughly the same rate as humans, with nearly half of dogs over the age of 10 developing cancer.1 Cancer is a common concern in small animals, and as our beloved companions, they deserve the highest standard of care. Recently, there has been a notable rise in the use of antineoplastic chemotherapy within small animal veterinary practice. This trend is primarily driven by a growing awareness among pet owners about tumor diseases, along with significant advancements in diagnostics and therapies for small animal oncology.  

While such therapies were initially carried out by large oncology centers, they are increasingly being offered by specialized small animal clinics.

Safety concerns  

Exposure Risks for Veterinarians and Pet Owners 

The use of cytostatic drugs poses an increased risk of exposure for veterinary staff and pet owners present during chemotherapy.  

Given that the substances involved possess mutagenic, teratogenic, and carcinogenic properties, and that it is difficult to define minimum quantities for these effects, it is crucial to minimize the risk of exposure for both veterinary personnel and pet owners. The risk of exposure on surfaces is further increased considering that most veterinary clinics do not employ primary engineering controls, such as safety cabinets or isolators. 

Research in human medicine indicates that there is no connection between the number of chemotherapy treatments administered at a facility and the degree of exposure risk.2 This means that even facilities performing a relatively small number of chemotherapy treatments must prioritize minimizing exposure risks and implementing suitable protective measures.  

The European College of Internal Medicine for Companion Animals has developed guidelines for the appropriate use of antineoplastic chemotherapeutic agents.  

The compounding of intravenous infusion solutions for antitumor chemotherapy, along with the administration of chemotherapeutic agents, introduces distinct risks of contamination and exposure to cytostatic drugs. Veterinarians encounter significant exposure risks in these processes. 4 Key steps in the process include reconstituting the vial, accurately extracting the substance, and managing the infusion solution.  

Syringe unit with a closed syringe plunger prevents toxic aerosols from escaping.

Risks of Bacterial Contamination   

 Small animals need much less medication than humans, but the medications often come in standard-sized vials, resulting in significant waste. Traditional systems carry a high risk of microbial contamination, making multiple withdrawals unsafe, especially for immunosuppressed patients who are more vulnerable to sepsis. Additionally, many cytostatic drugs are costly, and disposing of unused substances is both expensive and harmful to the environment. 

Use of CSTDs for the Application of Cytostatic Drugs to Small Animals  

Utilizing a closed system transfer device (CSTD) mitigates both environmental and microbial contamination risks, protecting medical personnel and pet owners. 

Currently, only a limited selection of CSTDs are available on the market in small animal oncology.5 EQUASHIELD has undergone extensive testing in human oncology, clinically backed to be safe and easy to use. The use of CSTDs does not exempt the oncologist of the obligation to adhere to current legal regulations governing chemotherapy. Nonetheless, it is strongly advised for veterinarians to prioritize their own safety. 6 

Case Study: Oncology at the Kleintierzentrum Kinzigtal Small Animal Center 

This summary highlights the experiences of Kleintierzentrum Kinzigtal Small Animal Center, written by Dr. Jörg Schäffner, as they transitioned to EQUASHIELD CSTDs. For the complete article, please download here.

At the Kinzigtal Small Animal Center in Baden-Württemberg, Germany, we regularly provide chemotherapy for various tumors, including lymphomas, mastocytomas, and epithelial tumors like prostate and anal sac carcinoma. Treatments often involve intravenous administration of cytostatic drugs such as vincristine, doxorubicin, and carboplatin, with a successful slow infusion method.  

Before the introduction of EQUASHIELD CSTDs, the conventional system left staff vulnerable to exposure. Before application, the calculated volume of a cytostatic drug was drawn from the sealed glass vial. Since multiple doses were often extracted from a single vial, this process introduced a risk of contamination for both the user and the surrounding environment. Another potential source of exposure and contamination arose when air was introduced to equalize the pressure between the vial and the syringe. Finally, there was the risk of needlestick injuries. 

Veterinarian administering cytotoxic drug chemotherapy to small animals

Introducing EQUASHIELD

Over the past year, we have effectively mitigated these risks by utilizing the closed EQUASHIELD system. Administering treatment to restless, unsedated animals requires a safe and user-friendly approach to effectively prevent contamination of medical staff, pet owners, and the surrounding environment. It is crucial for us to have a system that can accommodate the unpredictable movements of the patient, ensuring the safe and hazard-free administration of cytostatic medications. The self-locking vial adapter, which remains firmly connected to a vial once it has been opened, and the syringe unit  connected to the double-membrane closure system thus safely reduces both hazards. The sterilized air is introduced into the drug vial from the sealed chamber in the syringe unit to equalize pressure. 

As the syringe unit is locked to the Luer Lock Adaptor of the infusion system, there is no risk of disconnection and subsequent contamination even if the patient moves. The slow application is carried out in a stress-free and controlled manner. Even when the syringe unit plunger is pulled back, the pressure equalization system reduces the risk of environmental contamination from aerosols. After administering the cytostatic drug and flushing the infusion tubing, the entire system is safely removed and disposed of in designated waste containers. Using CSTDs minimizes the risk of bacterial contamination, allowing us to make multiple withdrawals from the vial while effectively addressing the issue of waste.

 

Veterinarian using EQUASHIELD CSTD

Veterinarian using EQUASHIELD CSTD

Concluding Thoughts

In our experience, the introduction of EQUASHIELD is a significant contribution to safe chemotherapy. Our consistent positive experiences with EQUASHIELD, characterized by intuitive and safe handling, along with significant time savings compared to other systems, validate the findings of a study from North America.7 EQUASHIELD reduces the risk of microbial contamination of opened cytostatic vials.7 For medical staff and pet owners, exposure risks have been effectively reduced.  Implementing EQUASHIELD has significantly improved occupational safety in our veterinary clinic.      

The Unseen Dangers: Understanding the Occupational Risks of Chemotherapy Drugs and the Protective Role of EQUASHIELD’s CSTD

Introduction

Chemotherapy drugs, vital in cancer treatment, are not without risks for healthcare professionals, particularly nurses. Their handling poses occupational hazards due to the drugs’ potent and toxic nature. Understanding these risks and the protective measures provided by Closed System Drug-Transfer Devices (CSTDs), especially EQUASHIELD’s CSTD, is crucial for healthcare workers’ safety.

The Occupational Risks of Handling Chemotherapy Drugs

According to the CDC, healthcare workers, particularly nurses and pharmacists, face significant risks when handling chemotherapy drugs. The NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health) article, “Hazardous Drug Exposure in Healthcare,” states that these risks can lead to “acute and chronic health effects such as skin rashes and reproductive issues.” 

This includes “infertility, spontaneous abortions, and congenital malformations” as well as an increased risk of “leukemia and other cancers​​.” Exposure over time is associated with birth defects and miscarriages.

Doctor checking pregnant woman

Key Exposure Points For Health Professionals

Exposures occur through the compounding process and frequent handling of these drugs during administration. Healthcare workers, including nurses and pharmacists, who are in direct contact with these potent and toxic substances, are seen as the more vulnerable groups. 

According to OSHA, exposure to hazardous drugs during preparation and administration poses significant health risks, including cancer, organ toxicity, and reproductive issues. Occupational hazards are increased in the preparation phase while complying with the very low level of pharmacological compounding compared to the administration phase. The levels of risk are pretty high, and they result from processes that expose workers to substances that have the potential to cause harm. 

Therefore having proper knowledge of the harmful agents associated with this process and the safeguarding measures, such as the EQUASHIELD’s Closed System Drug Transfer Devices (CSTD), would go a long way in enhancing the work-related health and safety of the healthcare workers.

Routes of Exposure

Health worke­rs can inhale chemotherapy drug particle­s or vapors when preparing or giving treatme­nt. OncoLink, a cancer resource in Pe­nnsylvania, warns about these exposure­ risks. They state inhaling vapors is dangerous and can le­ad to other exposure through skin contact or ne­edlestick accidents. Strict safe­ty measures must be use­d to prevent these­ exposure risks.

Monitoring surface contamination of hazardous drugs is crucial, as evidenced by findings from a study conducted by the Canadian Journal of Hospital Pharmacy.

The study highlights that these hazardous drugs can settle on work surfaces and pose a risk of indirect transfer through contact, emphasizing the importance of regular environmental monitoring and rigorous cleaning protocols to safeguard healthcare workers from occupational exposure.

Threats on Healthcare Workers

A case study from the University of Michigan on the threats that affect cancer care workers found that nurses “handling hazardous drugs had twice the risk of reproductive problems.” 

The lead study author, Christopher R. Friese elaborates, “This is an invisible threat.” He further examines, “Early on we could understand that a needle stick conveyed serious health risks… This is a subtle threat, but it’s a daily threat.”

The Role of EQUASHIELD’s CSTD in Protecting Healthcare Workers

EQUASHIELD’s CSTD provides a crucial layer of protection against these occupational risks. By design, it mechanically prohibits the transfer of environmental contaminants into the system and the escape of hazardous drug or vapor concentrations outside the system, thus minimizing the risk of exposure during the compounding and administration of hazardous drugs​​.

The use of EQUASHIELD’s CSTD can “effectively eliminate spills and leakage during the compounding of gemcitabine” and antineoplastic drugs. According to the article “Maximizing Efficiency and Safety in Healthcare: Real Life Case Studies on Cost Savings with Closed System Drug Transfer Devices (CTSDs),” it can significantly reduce the risk of surface contamination and exposure. Therefore providing a safe working environment for anyone in the space. 

Pharmacist using EQUASHIELD CSTD

Highlighting EQUASHIELD’s CSTD studies, the National Library of Medicine inscribes the effectiveness of “Reducing Leakage during Antineoplastic Drugs Compounding,” EQUASHIELD discovered that gemcitabine (GEM) was not detected in samples when using the EQUASHIELD® II system, indicating its effectiveness in preventing contamination. 

Moreover, a significant reduction in detectable levels of antineoplastic drugs “in surface sampling wipes after the implementation of the EQUASHIELD’s CSTD.” Notably, the design of EQUASHIELD with a metal rod as a syringe plunger prevents contamination of the plunger itself, a common contamination site in other CSTDs​​.

Comparative Analysis with Other CSTDs

EQUASHIELD has been compared with other CSTDs in terms of containment of liquids and vapors – demonstrating its effectiveness in reducing operator exposure to hazardous drugs reinforces the critical role of CSTDs like EQUASHIELD in protecting healthcare workers​​.

When addressing the issue of hazardous drug exposure and the transfer of environmental contaminants, NIOSH employs a CSTD successfully. It create­s “an airtight seal betwee­n drug vials, syringes, and IV bags.” This mechanical approach “preve­nts the release­ of harmful aerosols and vapors.” It greatly reduce­s risks from direct contact, skin exposure, and inhalation.

Conclusion

The­ occupational hazards of handling chemotherapy drugs are significant and can se­riously impact healthcare workers’ he­alth. Using CSTDs, especially EQUASHIELD’s CSTD, effe­ctively reduces the­se risks by preventing drug le­aks and surface contamination. Healthcare facilitie­s must adopt such protective measure­s to ensure staff safety and we­ll-being.

Case Studies: Assessment of CSTDs for Mitigating Contamination of Chemotherapy Agents While Compounding 

The Critical Role of Advanced Technologies in Minimizing Risks from Hazardous Drug Handling

The preparation and administration of hazardous drugs, particularly chemotherapy agents, present significant contamination risks. These processes put both healthcare staff and patients in contact with dangerous chemicals, potentially leading to serious health issues such as dermatological problems (e.g., rashes and hypersensitivity reactions), reproductive disorders, and chronic conditions. The threat of liver damage from prolonged exposure highlights once more the necessity for comprehensive health monitoring and the implementation of protective strategies. 

The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health NIOSH  emphasises managing these risks to ensure high levels of occupational safety in pharmacies, compounding centres, and other healthcare facilities. Studies published in Springer and the Oncology Nursing Society’s journal have shown the adverse effects of hazardous drugs not only on individuals but also on the workplace environment, advocating for strict contamination control measures. This includes using closed-system transfer devices and automation solutions to mitigate occupational exposure to these environmental contaminants. 

Several case studies illustrate the effectiveness of such modern technologies in improving safety levels in pharmacies and hospitals. These real-life examples highlight the practical advantages and challenges of implementing CSTDs, offering a deeper understanding of their critical role in safeguarding healthcare communities and environments.

Mitigating Hazardous Drug Surface Contamination: Evaluating the Efficacy of Standardized Cleaning and Closed System Transfer Devices 

Healthcare professional using CSTDs for safe compounding of medicines to prevent hazardous drug contamination

A study assessed the reduction of hazardous drug surface contamination in pharmacy compounding and administration areas through standardised cleaning workflows and closed system transfer devices. It aimed to mitigate the risks hazardous drugs pose to healthcare workers and patients by comparing the effectiveness of these interventions. The research focused on evaluating contamination levels post-implementation of enhanced cleaning protocols alongside CSTD utilisation. 

Methodology

Conducted across six different areas within pharmacy and nursing departments, the procedure involved the collection and analysis of 90 individual samples for five commonly compounded hazardous drugs over initial phase, 3-month, and 6-month intervals. The assessment utilised a rigorous testing protocol to measure the presence of hazardous drug residues on surfaces. 

Results

The findings demonstrate that through standardised cleaning protocols and the integration of CSTDs, healthcare facilities can significantly reduce the risk of exposure to hazardous drugs. This comprehensive evaluation across multiple time points and locations revealed no detectable residue in all 90 samples analysed, highlighting the critical role of meticulous cleaning processes and the employment of secondary engineering controls like CSTDs in maintaining a safer work environment. 

Conclusions

The study supports the adoption of standardised cleaning protocols and closed system transfer devices as effective strategies for maintaining low levels of surface contamination. By demonstrating the effectiveness of these strategies, the study offers valuable insights for healthcare facilities aiming to enhance occupational safety and patient care standards.   

Assessing the Performance of Closed System Drug-Transfer Devices in Vapor Containment 

Evaluating CSTDs in a lab for vapour containment to ensure healthcare safety during drug transfer.

An independent study evaluated the vapour containment performance of six commercially available closed-system drug transfer devices against the draft vapour protocol released by NIOSH. This research aimed to quantitatively assess the effectiveness of these CSTDs in containing gas/vapour within a controlled test environment. Utilizing 70% isopropyl alcohol (IPA) as a challenge agent, the study simulated drug compounding and administration processes, measuring IPA vapour concentrations that escaped the devices.

Methodology

The methodology closely adhered to the NIOSH draft protocol, incorporating two specific tasks outlined by NIOSH, with additional steps included to thoroughly evaluate the devices. Each device underwent these tasks ten times to ensure a comprehensive assessment.  

Results 

The results revealed a significant variance in performance among the tested closed system transfer devices: only three devices managed to maintain IPA vapour release below the 1.0 ppm threshold defined by NIOSH for successful containment across all tasks. Notably, the Equashield device demonstrated superior performance, consistently maintaining vapour release levels well below the 1.0 ppm threshold, affirming its efficacy as a truly closed system under the robust vapour challenge posed by the study. 

Conclusions

This study contributes to the safety and efficacy discourse of CSTDs in healthcare settings, suggesting that future testing and protocol adjustments consider these devices’ operational realities. By demonstrating that only half of the evaluated closed-system drug transfer devices met NIOSH’s quantifiable performance threshold, the research highlights the need for healthcare facilities to critically assess CSTD technology choices. The standout performance of the Equashield device underscores its effectiveness in protecting healthcare workers from hazardous drug exposure, making it a noteworthy option for facilities prioritising safety and efficiency in drug handling processes.

Evaluating Vapor Containment Efficacy of CSTDs 

Another study evaluated the vapour containment capabilities of CSTDs utilizing various containment technologies. Conducted in partnership with the Health and Safety Laboratory (HSL) in Buxton, UK, the research aimed at reviewing the draft protocol proposed by NIOSH for CSTD evaluation. The study compared the effectiveness of devices employing physical barriers against those using air-cleaning technology in containing hazardous drug vapours. 

Methodology

The methodology replicated the NIOSH test protocol within a specially constructed environmental test chamber, incorporating both the original protocol instructions and the device manufacturers’ instructions for use (IFU). The evaluation involved simulated pharmacy manipulations, including drug reconstitution and IV bag preparation, using a surrogate mixture to challenge the systems. Vapour release was measured using advanced detection technologies, providing a comprehensive analysis of each system’s containment performance.  

Results 

The study highlighted differences in vapour containment among the tested devices, indicating that adherence to manufacturer-specific IFUs is crucial for maintaining the integrity of CSTD operation and ensuring an accurate assessment of vapour containment efficacy. 

Conclusions

This study contributes valuable insights into the safety protocols necessary for handling hazardous drugs in healthcare settings, aiming to enhance worker protection against potential drug vapour exposure.

Assessing Syringe Plunger Contamination in Hazardous Drug Handling: A Comparative Analysis of Closed System Transfer Devices 

In a comparative analysis, researchers examined cyclophosphamide contamination on syringe plungers using different CSTDs in oncological compounding. The study compared the performance of Becton Dickinson’s syringe plungers with Phaseal™ CSTDs against those from Equashield™, assessing their ability to minimize hazardous drug exposure during chemotherapy preparation and administration.

 Methodology

Utilizing the ChemoGlo™ sampling kit for precise analysis, the study tested cyclophosphamide contamination levels on syringe plungers after conducting multiple drug transfer cycles within a Forma Class II, 2A Biological Safety Cabinet. The syringes were categorised into three groups, each subjected to a set number of drug transfer cycles to simulate varying degrees of usage intensity. 

Results

The findings revealed significant contamination levels exceeding 2000 ng when used with Phaseal™ CSTDs, highlighting a potential risk of hazardous drug exposure. Conversely, Equashield™ syringes demonstrated no detectable contamination, underscoring their superior capability in preventing drug leakage and ensuring a safer oncology compounding environment. 

Conclusions

This comparative study underscores the critical importance of employing effective CSTDs to safeguard healthcare workers from exposure to hazardous drugs during chemotherapy preparation and administration. The superior performance of Equashield™ syringes in maintaining a contamination-free compounding process emphasises the need for adopting advanced CSTDs in oncology practices. 

Assessing the Impact of Closed System Drug Transfer Devices on Antineoplastic Drug Safety in Healthcare Settings

A comprehensive study critically examined the effectiveness of CSTDs, specifically TexiumTM/SmartSiteTM and Equashield® II, in minimizing leakage and contamination during the compounding of antineoplastic drugs in a centralized cytotoxic drug preparation unit. The primary aim of this research was to assess the capability of these leading CSTDs to reduce occupational exposure to hazardous drugs, with a particular focus on gemcitabine (GEM), by preventing leaks and spills during the drug preparation and administration process.  

Methodology

The research involved a detailed analysis of wipe and pad samples collected from inside and outside the drug preparation area over five years. The focus was on detecting GEM contamination to evaluate the sealing efficiency of the CSTDs used.   

Results 

Findings indicated a significant reduction in GEM contamination with the adoption of Equashield® II, demonstrating its superior ability to prevent drug leakage and ensure a safer working environment. 

Conclusions  

This investigation highlights the critical role of CSTDs in safeguarding healthcare workers from exposure to hazardous antineoplastic drugs. The Equashield® II system, in particular, was shown to be highly effective in eliminating risks of spills and leaks. 

Evaluating Efficiency, Ease of Use, and Cost of Closed System Transfer Devices for Chemotherapy Administration in Veterinary Oncology 

This study assessed the treatment time, ease of use, and associated costs of administering chemotherapy using CSTDs versus traditional methods in a veterinary setting. The primary goal was to evaluate the operational efficiency, user experience, and financial considerations of two prominent CSTDs, Equashield™ and PhaSeal®, compared to conventional chemotherapy administration methods. 

Methodology

The study employed a prospective experimental simulation approach, engaging veterinary technicians from oncology speciality practices. 

Results

The investigation revealed that Equashield™ facilitated the fastest administration times and was also found to be easier to use than PhaSeal® and the no-CSTD approach. 

Conclusions

This research underscores the importance of integrating CSTDs into veterinary oncology to safeguard healthcare workers without detracting from treatment efficacy. 

Improving Safety in Hazardous Drug Handling: Recommendations for Healthcare Facilities and Compounding Centres

Healthcare facilities implementing safety measures for hazardous drug handling

  • Adopting closed system transfer devices (CSTDs) is recommended to reduce contamination risks. CSTDs have proven effective in maintaining a safer working environment by significantly lowering the risk of exposure to hazardous drugs. 
  • Facilities are encouraged to evaluate and select CSTDs based on their proven performance in vapour containment and their ability to prevent drug leakage and syringe plunger contamination.  
  • Furthermore, the implementation of standardised cleaning protocols alongside the use of CSTDs is crucial. Rigorous, consistent cleaning methods have been shown to effectively eliminate hazardous drug residues on surfaces, further safeguarding healthcare personnel and patients.  
  • Healthcare facilities should adopt a comprehensive approach that includes both technological solutions like CSTDs and enhanced cleaning workflows to ensure the highest levels of safety. 
  • Training and education on the correct use of CSTDs and adherence to cleaning protocols are essential for healthcare workers. Regular competency assessments and ongoing education on handling hazardous drugs should be instituted. 
  • Evaluating the efficacy of CSTDs and cleaning protocols should be an ongoing process. Healthcare facilities are advised to conduct periodic reviews and assessments of their hazardous drug handling practices. 
  • Finally, the financial aspect of adopting CSTDs should be considered, with an emphasis on cost-effectiveness without compromising safety. The studies suggest that while initial investments may be required, the long-term benefits justify the expenditure. Healthcare facilities should explore various CSTD options, considering both upfront costs and long-term savings in terms of improved occupational safety and health outcomes.

By adhering to these recommendations, healthcare facilities and compounding centres can significantly enhance the safety of their environments, protecting both their workers and patients from the risks associated with handling hazardous drugs.

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EQUASHIELD Changed the World For Me

Mark Stanfield has had a diverse career path, starting as a musician and later working in Hollywood producing television commercials. However, after the events of September 11, he felt a calling to make a difference in people’s lives and found his path as an oncology pharmacist.

In 2017, he was diagnosed with stage four lung cancer, which led him to question the safety of certain medical equipment at his workplace. Concerned about the potential harm to others, he embarked on a mission to improve safety in the medical field by identifying a closed system transfer device (CSTD) that effectively prevents vapor escape. He discovered that EQUASHIELD is the best CSTD to cover all routes of exposure. Despite his personal health struggles, Mark remains resolute in his commitment to fearlessly living life and promoting safe compounding practices for fellow healthcare professionals.

Mark’s full story

EQUASHIELD Syringe Unit

Assessment of Closed System Transfer Devices 5-FU Drug Leakage

1 Introduction

Recently, the number of marketed Closed System Transfer Device (CSTD) models has increased. Interest in development of a CSTD performance test protocol originated from within the healthcare industry itself, with requests for an independently-developed containment test protocol. Additionally, with the approval of USP chapter 800 mandating the use ofclosed systems for administration_ proper evaluation ofCSTD connectors is essential since vast majority ofadministration procedures involves exclusively the use ofCSTD connectors. To date, several leakage studies have been performed to show whether or not different brands of CSTDs are free ofleaks, drips, microbeads and drug residuals. However, most of these studies are performed on drug surrogates via a litmus paper, UV light, etc. This protocol will test CSTDs with actual antineoplastic agent Fluorouracil (5-FU}.

2 Study Objectives

Objective of this study was to test 6 different CSTD devices to assess how it matches up with their claims of being leak-proof. CSTDs were tested for 5-FU leakage detection.

Administration phase simulation:

3 Study Design

The Litmus test was performed per protocol. There were 6 brands of CSTDs evaluated in this study. 10 unique devices from each brand of CSTD were tested. 3 connector membrane or /uer activations were made per device with 5 Fluorouracil and drug was transferred back and forth between activations. Following the activations connector surfaces were tested for drug residue. 

All devices were allowed to go through 1′1 membrane activation without any litmus detection. The litmus test was executed on 2nd and 3’d membrane activation.

Note that 5-FU was chosen due to its wide usage in oncology, low cost and good visibility on litmus paper. While 5- FU is in the pH range of 10, if desired the test is expandable with same materials and methodology to test additional drugs in same pH range or in the acidic pH range (preferably pH 2-4). Also, handling and cutting of litmus paper was done with nitrile gloves.

Additionally, only pharmacists or pharmacy technicians skilled in use of the tested CSTDs performed this test in accordance to protocoland manufacturers’ directions for use.

4 Supplies Needed

For assessment of Litmus Testing with 5-FU the following supplies were used:

5 Study Procedures

 5.1 Negative and positive controls

For the negative control procedural steps are followed:

  1. A 5-FiourauracillOml vial was capped with a CSTD Vial Adapter
  2. A lOml syringe was attached to a mating CSTD Syringe Adapter (if needed)
  3. One piece of litmus paper was dipped at least half of it into sterile water for Irrigation. The wet litmus paper was padded on an absorbing pad to remove excess water droplet.
  4. This padded litmus paper was backed with a slight finger press on each membrane of the two mating components of the CSTD system. Sufficient distance was kept on the litmus paper between the t wo tested membranes. The purpose of rubbing with wet litmus stripe and the two twist motions is to simulate a membrane disinfection procedure with an IPA pad, a quarter turn left and quarter turn right.
  5. Immediately a photograph of the negative sample was taken and denote ‘–‘ if no color change was determined and ‘y’ if color change was determined.
  6. Pass criteria for the negative test is if no color change was determined.
  7. One negative control test was performed for each brand of CSTD tested.
  8. If no color change was determined the negative control vial, syringe and CSTD were deemed appropriate to be used for the litmus drug test.

For the positive control procedural steps are followed:

  1. A 5-Fiourauracil10ml vial was accessed and a small amount of the drug was placed on the litmus paper.
  2. Pass criteria for the positive test is if color change was determined.

5.2 Study Procedurefor Litmus Drug Test

The following procedural steps were followed:

  1. A 5-Fiourauracil10ml vial was capped with a brand of CSTD Vial Adapter
  2. A 10ml syringe was attached to a mating CSTD Syringe Adapter (if needed)
  3. The syringe was attached to the vial.
  4. A 7ml of total volume of drug was pulled by the process of Pull-Push-Pull to simulate bubbles removal: pull 4ml, push back 4ml and pull 7ml
  5. The vial was inverted upright to reinject 5ml back into the vial (2mlleft in the syringe).
  6. The two mating systems were disconnected
  7. The syringe was attached to the vial and the remaining 2ml was injected from the syringe into the vial.
  8. Steps 4 to 6 were repeated.
  9. One piece of litmus paper was dipped at least half of it into sterile water for irrigat ion, t hen patted dry onto an absorbing pad to remove excess water droplet.
  10. The wet litmus paper was backed with a slight finger press on each membrane of the two mating components of the CSTD system. Sufficient distance on the litmus stripe was kept between the two tested membranes. The purpose of rubbing with wet litmus stripe and the two twist motions is to simulate a membrane disinfection procedure with an IPA pad, a quarter turn left and quarter turn right.
  11. Immediately photograph of each sample was taken and denote ‘-‘ if no color change was determined and ‘y’ if color change was determined
  12. Process steps 7 to 11 were repeated with the same CSTD (for a total of 3 activations)
  13. Test were repeated for 9 additional devices within the CSTD category with 9 additional vialsof 5-FU
  14. Test were completed for 5 additional CSTD brands and results recorded into data collection sheet with image capture

6 Results

The test has been performed without any adverse occurrences. No product or procedure failures were noted. The results are clear and consistent throughout testing of the same CSTD system. The test sensitivity allows clear differentiation between performances of various CSTD systems. Of all the CSTDs brands tested, Equashield brand of CSTD was able to withstand membrane activations and showed 0 leaks. Our expectations that the test is easily replicable by any hospital pharmacy were met.

Table 1: CSTD Study Plan

Summary data is presented below:

7 Appendices

Appendix I: Data Summary Table for Drug Litmus Test

Appendix II: Onguard/Tevadaptor Data Collection

SheetAppendix Ill: PhaSeal Data Collection Sheet

Appendix IV: ViaiShield Data Collection Sheet

Appendix V: Equashield Data Collection Sheet

Appendix VI: ChemoCiave Data Collection Sheet

Appendix VII: Chemolock Data Collection Sheet

Effectiveness of Closed System Drug Transfer Devices

1 Introduction

Antineoplastic drugs, also known as cytotoxic or cytostatic drugs, are medications designed to destroy cells that grow rapidly and uncontrollably, preventing them from replicating or growing. Unfortunately, they are non-selective and do not differentiate between malignant and normal cells; it is therefore likely that they can damage healthy tissues, resulting in adverse health effects [1].
Essential for cancer treatment, they also play an important role in hematology. Addi- tionally, they are used to treat rheumatologic diseases, multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, and lupus erythematosus [2]. These drugs are therefore widely used, and the number of prepa- rations and administrations has increased significantly over the years, highlighting the risk associated with occupational exposure [3,4].
The U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has included antineoplastic drugs in their definition of hazardous drugs because they are dangerous chemical agents that are known or suspected to cause adverse effects from exposure in the workplace. It is well known that healthcare workers who are continuously exposed to low doses of antineoplastic drugs may experience acute symptoms such as allergic reactions, headache, nausea, and vomiting or long-term effects including genotoxicity, infertility, and fetal abnormalities [5]. To minimize exposure, the guidelines for the safe handling of antineoplastic drugs and for protecting workers recommend using biological safety cabinets (BSCs) with a laminar vertical airflow hood and external exhaust in preparation areas as well as wearing adequate personal protective equipment (PPE) and undergoing staff education [6]. Wipe sampling for antineoplastic drug surface residue of is considered the method of choice to assess the risk of occupational exposure and to determine the effectiveness of safe handling procedures in healthcare settings [7].
The exposure to antineoplastic drugs can occur via direct and indirect contacts. The main routes of direct exposure are the inhalation of aerosolized drugs, ingestion, and injection through accidental needle sticks. Spills, leaks, and aerosols are often caused by needles or by Luer lock-based needleless connectors. Indirect exposure from dermal absorption is caused by aerosolized antineoplastic drugs that can settle on work surfaces. A possible contamination source is the open barrel of a standard syringe plunger when it comes into contact with the cytotoxic agent during aspiration and remains exposed to the environment once the drug is discharged from the syringe [8].
Many strategies have been deployed to reduce the risk of occupational exposure to dangerous drugs for healthcare professionals, including control devices designed to act as closed systems and preventing exposure through liquid or vapor leakage. These devices, known as closed system drug transfer devices (CSTDs), are defined by NIOSH as transfer devices that mechanically prohibit the escape of hazardous drugs or vapor concentrations from the system and the entry of environmental contaminants into the system. Closed systems, equipped with a mechanism to regulate the differential pressure inside and outside the vial, limit the potential for aerosol generation and, consequently, the exposure of workers.
Since the publication of the NIOSH Alert in 2004 [9], the use of CSTDs for the prepara- tion of hazardous drugs has been encouraged in United States hospitals, and the European Biosafety Network has also began to promote these prevention devices [10]. However, the interest in and the usage of CSTDs significantly increased after the publication of the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) General Chapter (800), “Hazardous Drugs-Handling in Healthcare Settings” [11].
Today, several CSTDs are available on the market. They are designed differently from each other, and they should act to maintain a closed connection between the vial and the syringe or transfer device. There are two primary CSTD device-to-device interface designs that are available today: the needle-free common fluid pathway and the membrane-to- membrane needle pathway [12]. CSTDs with a needle-free common fluid pathway use mating membranes or plastic components that, when they are connected, open a common channel for transferring drugs and vapors, and when they are disconnected, the system is closed and sealed. Membrane-to-membrane needle pathway CSTDs use two adjacent membranes that are engaged by one or more needles for the removal of drugs and vapors and for equalizing pressure. As the system is disengaged, the needles are scrubbed of drug residue by the membranes and is stored securely within the system.
PhaSealTM from BD Medical (Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA) was the first CSTD approved
by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1998. Since then, a range of CSTDs have been approved as closed system transfer devices, including ChemoLockTM/ChemoClaveTM (ICU Medical, San Clemente, CA, USA), Equashield® (Plastmed, Ltd., Tefen, Israel), Equashield® II (Equashield, Port Washington, NY, USA), TexiumTM (BD Carefusion, San Diego, CA, USA), OnGuard®/Tevadaptor® (B. Braun Medical, Bethlehem, PA, USA), Genie® with Spiros® (ICU Medical, San Clemente, CA, USA), Halo® (Corvida Medical, Eagan, MN, USA), Arisure® (Yukon Medical, Durhan, NC, USA) [13].
Since the introduction of CSTDs in early 2000, numerous studies have demonstrated their effectiveness at decreasing surface contaminations and occupational exposure of healthcare personnel [14–19].
The primary purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of two closed system transfer devices (TexiumTM/SmartSiteTM and Equashield® II) in reducing leakage during antineoplastic drug compounding, which was achieved by surface wipe sampling. The antineoplastic drug gemcitabine (GEM) was measured using surface wipe sampling in the work area, in the vial access device, and in the access port system to an intravenous therapy bag (IV bag) after the reconstitution and drug preparation steps. The performance of different CSTDs was also assessed by comparing the most recent literature data.

Table 1.

2 Materials and Design

2.1 Study Design and Sample Collection

This study was conducted in the centralized cytotoxic drug preparation unit of a Genova hospital pharmacy department.
The sterile doses of parental cytotoxic drugs were prepared every day through manual compounding in two class II BSCs with a return air system, located in a negative pressure clean room. The return air was filtered through a high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter and a carbon filter. The cytotoxic drugs were distributed to the oncology wards of three hospitals.
Every day four nursing operators prepared the cytotoxic drugs, alternating their work of preparing drugs in the BSC (the first operator) and supporting the work of the preparer (the second operator).
Wipe and pad samples were taken during the surveillance programs from 2016 to 2021. Double monitoring was performed in 2018.
In order to assess the antineoplastic drug exposure assessment of the healthcare workers, 5-fluorouracile, gemcitabine, paclitaxel, and platinum compounds were used as markers.
Beginning in 2017, wipe samplings of the spike adaptor and the access port to the IV bag were performed during gemcitabine preparation. Therefore, the comparison results obtained from gemcitabine monitoring are reported in this study are for the CSTDs only.
Until the end of 2019, the CSTDs used for antineoplastic drug compounding included the system solutions TexiumTM/SmartSiteTM (BD), which were afterwards replaced with the Equashield® II (Equashield).

2.2 Standard Practices

According to the national guidelines [20,21], cytotoxic drugs were prepared in a BSC using sterile latex rubber chemoprotective gloves and replacing them every 30 min. According to procedure, disposable gowns, overshoes, and head coverings were required. Antineoplastic drugs and infusion solution followed this path: from the warehouse, where they were stored, they were transferred to the filter area, and from there they were carried to the clean room through the pass-box. Transport cases were used for all handling. The BSC work surfaces, side walls, and glass barrier were cleaned with 70% ethanol solution (Farmecol 70, Nuova Farmec) before the workday began. Before starting antineo- plastic preparation, absorbent sheets with plastic backing were placed on the shelf of the BSC to contain the dispersion of the drugs in case of accidental spillage. Before dilution, each preparation was wiped at the insert point of the drug with a gauze pad moistened with Farmecol 70.

At the end of the compounding process, each drug was sealed in a plastic bag labeled with the identification of the receiver patient. The plastic bags were placed in a rigid plastic container, and they were transferred out of the clean room through the pass-box. From the antineoplastic drug preparation unit, the drugs were transported directly to the patient-treatment department in a closed bag.

The working surfaces were wiped with Farmecol 70 at the end of the work shift and during the day if necessary. A deep cleaning of the clean room floor and walls was conducted with a cleaner containing chlorex at the end of the workday.

2.3. Wipe Sampling and Personal Pad

Wipe sampling allowed the verification of possible drug dispersion on the sur- faces while the personal pad enabled assessment of the efficiency of the BSC during working hours activity.

A predetermined wipe/pad sampling scheme for selected surface areas inside and outside the preparation area was studied and repeated over time. Inside the clean room, sampling locations included work surfaces, airfoils, countertops, and BSC power buttons. Moreover, in the active work area, we also took samples from the worktable, the pen used by the second operator, the floor, the intercom, and various handles. Sampling points outside of the clean room included the worktable, handles, case, the office desk, and the phone. The forearm and chest of the operators were sampled using pads. The gloves were also sampled using wipes.

Wipe samplings were conducted using a paper filter (Whatman ashless, grade 41) wetted with 0.2 mL of Milli-Q deionized water. The sample collection was conducted by wiping in two different directions, from up to down and from left to right [22–24].

Similar to the wipe samples, the pads were paper filter (Whatman ashless, grade 41). The nursing staff involved in preparing the drugs wore three pads on the outer surfaces of disposable gowns: on the right and left forearm and on the front of the chest [25].

2.4. Sample Extraction
After the wipe and pad samplings, each filter was transferred into a 50 mL polypropy- lene container to be transported to the laboratory, where it was immediately processed. Each filter was wetted with 4.8 mL of deionized water and extracted by ultrasound for 5 min. The extracted samples were filtered with Millex-GP 0.22 µm (Millipore, Burlington, MA, USA) filters and analyzed using a high-performance liquid chromatography system. All of the operations were performed under a chemical hood.

2.5. HPLC Analysis
A total of 100 µl of the sample was injected into the HPLC system 1260 Infinity II (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA), which was equipped with a variable wave- length UV detector and the software OpenLAB CDS ChemStation (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA). Separation and quantification of gemcitabine were performed at the wavelength λ: 266 nm using a Raptor FluoroPhenyl column 100 mm × 2.1 mm ID and a particle size of 2.7 µm, equipped with a Raptor FluoroPhenyl EXP guard column cartridge with a 5 mm × 2.1 mm ID and a particle size of 2.7 µm and a mobile phase of methanol/water buffered with 0.02 M ammonium acetate at pH 4.7 (2:98, v/v) at a flow of 0.5 mL min−1. All HPLC-grade solvents were purchased from Merck. Gemcitabine (Accord) 100 mg/mL was used as the calibration standard.
2.6. Quality Controls
For each monitoring, blank wipes/pads were extracted and analyzed according to the sample procedure to determine the limit of detection (LOD) and to set the zero concentra- tion for each analytical run. The LOD for GEM, calculated as the average value of the field blanks plus 3 times the standard deviation, was 5 ng/wipe. The limit of quantification (LOQ), defined as 3 × LOD, was 15 ng/wipe. Analyzed blanks were always at background signal levels. The precision level obtained from the triplicate standards of the GEM was 0.6%. Recoveries were performed using 6 wet filters wetted with 10 µL of gemcitabine standard, creating 3 filters at 0.05 µg/wipe and 3 filters at 5 µg/wipe as final concentrations. The recovery filters were extracted and analyzed according to sample procedure, resulted in a level of 98 ± 4%.

2.7. Statistical Analysis
The statistical significance of the difference between the data obtained using the TexiumTM/SmartSiteTM in 2016–2018 (n = 74) and those obtained using the Equashield® in 2020–2021 (n = 38) was tested through a non-parametric Mann–Whitney U test using the software Statview (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA).

3 Results

Table 1 shows the GEM concentration in wipe/pad samples during the antineoplastic drug monitoring programs from 2016 to 2021.

Table 1. Results of GEM concentrations (ng/wipe) in wipe/pad samples during the monitoring programs from 2016 to 2021.

In 2016, the presence of GEM was found in six of the 35 samples. Contamination was present on the grid and the external border of the BSC with 25 and 22 ng/wipe, respectively, and on the worktable with 43 ng/wipe. High concentrations of GEM (3.8 µg/wipe) were found on the left glove of the first operator in the absence of apparent accidental spillage of drug. The second operator’s forearm and right glove were also slightly contaminated (19 and 15 ng/wipe, respectively). From these results, it was assumed that gemcitabine could derive from unsealed preparation systems.

In successive checks from 2017 to 2021, the spike/vial adaptor access and valve IV bag access port of the closed system devices were monitored during gemcitabine compounding. High levels of GEM were evidenced in wipes of devices in the 2017 and 2018 sampling campaigns, but the drug was below the detection limit (LOD) of 5 ng/wipe in 2020 and 2021 checks.
In 2017, the GEM concentrations were 27.0 and 14.4 µg/wipe in the spike and ac- cess port, respectively. The results were also confirmed in two 2018 checks. During the
first sampling, 2018(I), GEM concentrations in the spike and the IV bag access port were
206.4 and 3.4 µg/wipe, respectively, while during the second check, 2018(II), GEM concen- trations were 431.8 and 17.5 µg/wipe. In 2017, a trace of GEM was found on the right forearm of the first operator (20 ng/wipe). In 2018(I), the right and left gloves of the first operator were strongly GEM contaminated (2.6 and 16.4 µg/wipe, respectively), as was the left glove of the second operator (113 ng/wipe). In the 2018(I) monitoring program, the center and the grid of the cabinet were found to be contaminated by GEM (670 and 184 ng/wipe, respectively) as was the handle of the pass-box (286 ng/wipe), evident signs of a widespread dispersion of the drug. In 2018(II), GEM concentrations were also found in the BSC grid (11.4 µg/wipe) and in its external border (409 ng/wipe). In 2020 and 2021, gemcitabine was not present at detectable levels in any wipe/pad samples. Mann– Whitney U test analysis indicated that the difference between the recorded values for the TexiumTM/SmartSiteTM and Equashield® was significantly different, with a U value of 1159 and a p value = 0.0064.
With these results, the study intends to encourage the use of CSTDs, and if prop- erly designed and used, they offer healthcare professionals advanced protection against potentially hazardous drug exposures.

5 Discussion

Environmental monitoring has played an important role in protecting workers from exposure to antineoplastic drugs because it has allowed the identification of the weak points in the working procedures. GEM was detected in all spikes and bag access ports of the closed system solution TexiumTM/SmartSiteTM, often producing the drug contamination of the gloves of both preparer and support operator, with consequent dispersion outside the BSC. When using the TexiumTM/SmartSiteTM solution, the percentages of GEM-positive samples ranged from 9 to 23%.

In contrast, GEM was not present at detectable levels in any sample when compound- ing using the Equashield® II system. As a result, the Equashield® II closed system seemed able to effectively eliminate spills and leakage during antineoplastic drug compounding and, consequently, the surface contaminations in the antineoplastic drug unit.

These results are supported by studies focused on the containment function of CSTDs. TexiumTM male Luer and SmartSiteTM vented vial access were examined by Jorgenson et al. [26] for their airtightness and leak-proof capacity in both preparation and administration practices. They performed two tests using titanium tetrachloride and fluo- rescein sodium to simulate the escape of vapor and the contamination of the connections between the vial and the syringe and the between syringe and the access port. The visi- ble presence of titanium smoke in the first test highlighted that the system was not able to prevent vapor escape. In the second test, the presence of fluorescein leaking outside the connections during preparation and administration manipulations demonstrated the potential drug release into the work environment. A successive study, with fluorescein also chosen as the tracer to measure contamination during the preparation of a solution using the TexiumTM and SmartSiteTM systems, confirmed the same results for the same critical points [27].

In contrast, some studies have shown a percentage decrease of antineoplastic drug detectable levels in surface sampling wipes after the implementation of the Equashield® CSTD. Clark and Sessink [28] demonstrated that when using the Equashield® to prepare and administer chemotherapy drugs, the surface contamination for the evaluated cyto-toxic agents, cyclophosphamide and 5-fluorouracile, were eliminated. The Equashield® design with a metal rod as a syringe plunger prevents plunger contamination, as shown by Smith and Szlaczky [29]. The authors evaluated the plungers of BD syringes with the PhaSealTM CSTD against those of the Equashield® using wipe test sampling after repeated withdrawal and re-injection cycles of cyclophosphamide in order to simulate their repeated use. They found significant cyclophosphamide contamination levels on most PhaSealTM BD syringes, while the Equashield® syringes remained uncontaminated at undetectable levels. Wilkinson et al. [30] proved that Equashield® was qualified to handle hazardous drugs by using 2-phenoxyethanol as the surrogate for cytotoxic drugs when testing the vapor containment performance of different CSTDs according to the NIOSH protocol [31]. The same authors highlighted that OnGuard®/Tevadaptor® and PhaSealTM also met the acceptance criteria for significantly reducing operator exposure, while ChemoClaveTM did not meet these requirements. Forshay et al. [6] evaluated the vapor containment abilities of Equashield® II and five other CSTDs (ChemoClaveTM, ChemoLockTM, OnGuard®/Tevadaptor®, PhaSealTM, and SmartSiteTM/VialShield®) dur- ing the tasks of compounding and administration. The performances were assessed by measuring the vapor release for 70% isopropyl alcohol according to the NIOSH proto- col [32]. Among the considered CSTDs, only the Equashield® and PhaSealTM proved to be adequately close in both tasks. Another recent study compared three different CSTDs (PhaSealTM, ChemoLockTM, and Equashield® II) for their adoption into the daily practice of compounding and administration [18]. No statistically significant difference in the compounding efficiency was observed among the three different devices, while in terms of ease of use, PhaSealTM required more steps than the ChemoLockTM and Equashield® II. In terms of ease of use, it also has been shown in a previous study that the Equashield® system is more readily accepted by operators than the PhaSealTM [33].
From the abovementioned studies, we can deduce the effectiveness of the Equashield® at ensuring the containment of liquid and/or vapor, but this does not preclude that other CSTDs may be equally effective. The differences among the devices as well as the lack of standard quantitative methods for assessing CSTD performances, as underlined by USP (800), do not facilitate a choice for which the currently available CSTDs would be best suited to the daily practices of hazardous drug compounding and administration. A recent study by Besheer et al. [34] highlighted the need to evaluate the performance aspects of CSTDs to select the best system for their intended use. In this study, four commercially available, but not identified, CSTDs were evaluated for different suppliers in combination with different container-closure systems, different vial sizes and vial types, and different caps. The tests assessed the integrity of the systems by using the helium leak test to measure the force required to assemble the vial adaptor, the presence of particles after pushing the CSTD through the rubber stopper, and the hold-up volume that was not extracted from the vial. The helium container-closure integrity test proved a significant variability among the same CSTDs from a single vendor and among different CSTDs, leading the authors to conclude that CSTDs may not be fully sealed and that there may be leaks.
The other performances evaluated by Besheer et al. [34] could affect drug administra- tion and, even if they do not directly affect the compounding steps covered by our study, they are fundamental for the choice of device. The penetration force seems to depend on the CSTD type, including the rubber stopper puncture force. The presence of significant visible particles contaminating the final product due to stopper coring and shedding depends on the CSTD type that is used as well as the presence of subvisible particles, in particular, silicone oil. The hold-up volume or the volume that cannot be extracted from the vial or that remains in the CSTD components could depend on the vial size, the viscosity of the solution, or the CSTD design—in particular, the spike or needle length and the opening position. The authors concluded by asserting that all of these factors may affect drug administration, causing contamination or leading to a systematic underdosing, therefore affecting the drug efficacy.

In another recent paper, Kulju et al. also examined the hold-up volume, comparing the performances of the PhaSealTM, TexiumTM/SmartSiteTM, OnGuard®/Tevadaptor®, Equashield®, ChemoClaveTM, and ChemoLockTM [35]. The authors established that the different CSTDs contribute to volume loss by using sterile water during simulated pro- cesses of drug preparation and subcutaneous administration in different measures. Before testing, the authors assumed that the Luer lock adapter, a component required in all membrane-to-membrane needle pathway CSTDs, could be a potential source of volume loss in 0.5–3.0 mL subcutaneous/intramuscular administrations, due to the presence of a dead space of about 0.1 mL. This hypothesis was not confirmed. In fact, two CSTDs of different design, ChemoClaveTM, a needle-free closed-fluid pathway, and PhaSealTM, a membrane-to-membrane needle pathway, had the lowest volume losses. All of the other CSTDs had more than twice the mean volume loss of the ChemoClaveTM and PhaSealTM.
Solutions with different viscosities might behave differently in a CSTD; therefore, had the authors used hazardous drugs instead of sterile water, the results might have been different. The study also highlighted that the volume loss was independent of the prepared volume. Therefore, volume loss can be significant for administrations below a 3 mL threshold, but it becomes less important as the administration volume increases. During the trials, it was also observed that after the connection between the TexiumTM closed male Luer and the needle, multiple drops of fluid escaped from the system and collected inside the needle cap. This confirmed that TexiumTM is not suitable for intramuscular and subcutaneous administration, and it is probably for this reason that the operative instructions do not include this use.
Considering the above, we confirmed that the choice of CSTD for hazardous drug compounding and administration is not easy to make. It is possible that different devices must be used depending on the drug type, but these assumptions must be validated.
Limitations of our study include its retrospective nature and the relatively small number of cases.

6 Conclusions

CSTDs are important supplemental engineering controls for containing the exposure of healthcare professionals involved in the handling of hazardous drugs.
GEM dispersion was found after compounding with the TexiumTM/SmartSiteTM, while the Equashield® appeared to be completely tight and able to eliminate exposure to
GEM. However, to understand why drugs with different viscosities may have different effects on the device, it will be important to evaluate the performance of the Equashield® with other antineoplastic drugs during a structured surveillance program.
The high interest in this topic has led to many studies that have mainly focused on the containment features of CSTDs; however, it will be important to also verify the functionality attributes of CSTDs as well as their impact on final product quality. It is commonly acknowledged that an important goal is to harmonize testing procedures to undertake real comparisons among studies.

Author Contributions: Conceptualization, M.T.P.; methodology, A.F.; validation, M.T.P. and A.I.; formal analysis, M.T.P.; investigation, M.T.P.; resources, M.T.P.; data curation, M.T.P. and A.F.; writing—original draft preparation, M.T.P.; writing—review and editing, M.T.P.; visualization, A.I.; supervision, A.I.; funding acquisition, M.T.P. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding: This work was supported by grants from the Italian Ministry of Health (Ricerca Corrente no. C708A).

Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement: Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.

Data Availability Statement: All data are contained within this manuscript.

Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Leakproof Connection Integrity Test For Devices Intended for Handling Hazardous Drugs

Objective

To determine if the ICU Medical System, B. Braun OnGuardTM System, Cardinal Health/Alaris System or PhaSeal® System connections are leak proof or have the potential to allow drugs to escape into the environment during the preparation and administration phases of hazardous drug handling.

Methods

Four transfer devices were tested:

  • The ICU Medical System (SpirosTM Male Connector & Clave® Connector)
  • The B. Braun OnGuardTM System (Vial Adaptor & Syringe Adaptor) by Teva Medical Ltd.
  • The Alaris System (SmartSite® Vented Vial Access Device & TexiumTM Male Luer) by Cardinal Health
  • The PhaSeal® System (Protector & Injector Luer Lock) by Carmel Pharma

A liquid with low pH was used as a substitute for active drug. Litmus paper was used as a pH indicator. Blue litmus paper turns red under acidic conditions.

Syringes were filled with fluid and injected into vials attached to the above transfer devices. After aspirating back and disconnecting, the connections of each device were pressed against litmus paper to detect the presence of any fluid.

Every component of each device was tested for 10 manipulations.

Results

Visible leakage occurred outside of the components on the ICU Medical System SpirosTM and Clave® connections, the B. Braun OnGuardTM System and the Cardinal Health/Alaris System during all manipulations.

No leakage was observed in any of the manipulations with the PhaSeal® System by Carmel Pharma.

Spiros™ Male Connector & Clave® by ICU Medical Inc.

B. Braun OnGuard™ Vial Adaptor & Syringe Adaptor by Teva Medical Ltd.

Alaris SmartSite® Vented Vial Access Device & Texium™ Male Luer by Cardinal Health

Alaris SmartSite® Vented Vial Access Device & Texium™ Male Luer by Cardinal Health

Connector integrity testing to assess the efficacy of multiple closed system transfer devices

BACKGROUND

  • The risks associated with compounding and administration of hazardous drugs
    (HD) has been evaluated and documented in the literature.
  • USP 800 guidelines released earlier this year:
  • Require use of a closed system transfer device (CSTD) for HD administration.
  • Recommend the use of a CSTD for HD preparation.
  • Since the development of CSTDs, several options exist for HD preparation and administration. There is limited data comparing all of the products in one study.

PURPOSE

  • The purpose of this study is to determine how 6 different CSTDs that are marketed as leak-free behave when tested with actual drug.

METHODS

  • To assess the integrity of CSTD connectors, 6 types of CSTDs were tested for leakage for up to 3 connections.
  • Using sixty 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) vials, each fitted with one CSTD vial access device, a total of 10 samples were obtained for each of the 6 CSTD types.
  • A 10 mL syringe was connected to the vial and 7 mL was withdrawn using a Pull-Push-Pull method to simulate air bubble removal. The vial was inverted upright to re-inject 5 mL into the vial and then the connectors were disconnected. The syringe was then reconnected to the vial and the remaining 2 mL of drug was injected in
    to the vial. This was repeated two more times with the same CSTD.
  • Testing Group 1 (TG1) investigated leakage from the vial (V) and syringe (S) during the 2nd and 3rd connection.
  • Testing Group 2 (TG2) investigated leakage during the 1st and 3rd connection.
  • Leakage of the device was evaluated qualitatively using litmus paper to assess if there was visible leakage on
    the vial and syringe connector

RESULTS

  • A total of 120 samples were prepared and assessed for litmus paper discoloration from either the syringe or vial connector of 6 CSTDs.
  • The negative control was performed by wiping litmus paper on the 5-FU vial stopper and resulted in no color change. The positive control was performed by placing one droplet of drug onto the litmus paper and resulted in color change

CONCLUSIONS

  • Out of 6 closed system transfer devices, 4 had detectable leakage while 2 had no visible leakage.
  • Equashield® and PhaSeal™ are the two CSTDs that demonstrate a completely closed system.
  • To improve patient outcomes and employee safety in chemotherapy preparation, CSTDs that demonstrate no leakage should be the m preferred choices.
  • Limitations: Two technicians alternated testing for each different CSTD; however, both were trained in the same way. The litmus paper may have been wiped on the syringe and vial with varying force between two technicians.

FIGURE 1. Separate syringes and vials were fitted with the CSTD being tested before manipulation of 5-FU.

FIGURE 2. Example of the table used to record leakage of the CSTD from the vial (V) or syringe (S).

FIGURE 2. ChemoClave® demonstrating leakage in both the syringe and vial connector during a sample run.

FIGURE 3. Equashield® demonstrating no leakage in the syringe and vial connector during a sample run

Assessing The Efficiency of Closed System Transfer Devices Dry Connections

Introduction

Hazards associated with handling of chemotherapy drugs are well documented [1-3]. Ensuring healthcare worker safety should be a priority and organizations are wise to invest significant time in development of a comprehensive HD safety programs. Guidelines provided by NIOSH Alert[1], ASHP recommendations[2] and Proposed USP<800>[3] offer a list of process steps needed to safely compound hazardous drugs. As the new NIOSH proposed CSTD test protocol comes into play, it is crucial to test all aspects of closed systems, exposure containment, fully airtight design and equally importantly a dry, leak free design. This is important as facilities are quickly able to perform bench top testing to assess ‘closeness’ of devices

Objectives

Over the last 15 years, CSTDs have evolved in technology and offer various mechanism for containing liquid and protecting healthcare workers. Some systems perform better than others and is a pure correlation of product design and materials chosen for prevention of leaks and spills. The key
objective of this study is to assess how one Closed System Transfer Device, a newest addition in the market, compares with its claims to be leak-free and dry for up to 10 connections or membrane activations. This study looks only one Closed System Transfer Device; the second generation Equashield CSTD was assessed against a predefined and
controlled protocol in a hospital facility to validate or invalidate
manufacturer’s claims.

Tests performed with 3 different PH liquid and was qualitative in nature.

Materials

To assess whether the Closed System is dry, it will be tested against several solutions to mimic various drugs’pH levels seen in chemotherapy compounding on a routinebasis.To perform this test the followingmaterialswere used:

  • 10 Vials with pH 4 liquid solution
  • 10 Vials with pH 7 liquid solution
  • 10 Vials with pH 10 liquid solution
  • 30 Equashield VA-20/2 Vial Adaptors
  • 30 Equashield SU-EZ60/2 Syringe Units
  • Litmus Paper
  • Data Collection Sheets per protocol

Prior to start of the test, 10 vials each of varying pH solutions were prepared for assessment in lieu of actual drugs for a total of 30 vials.

Figure 1: Sample Preparation Process

pH Test

Methods

All necessary supplies were gathered for testing and following process steps were performed:

  1. A vial of pH 4 vial was retrieved
  2. Corresponding data collection sheet was retrieved
  3. Vial was fitted with VA-20/2 vial adaptor as per manufacturer’s instructions per use
  4. A SU-EZ60/2 syringe unit was retrieved and connected to the vial with vial adaptor
  5. A small volume of fluid was transferred from the vial into the syringe unit
  6. Syringe unit was disconnected from the vial with vial adaptor
  7. With a litmus paper both membranes (vial adaptor membrane and syringe unit membrane) were assessed.
  8. If the litmus paper changed color, it was marked as ‘x’ on the data collection sheet (denoting system failure). If the litmus paper did not change color, it was marked as ‘y’ on the data collection sheet (denoting that system passed the test).
  9. After the 1st vial connection and disconnection, the same syringe and vial assembly were connected again, fluid was transferred, disconnected and membrane tested for wetness/color change to denote 2nd connection or membrane activation
  10. This action was performed up to 10 connection times per vial and pH solution

Data collection sheets were effectively populated for all test samples for a total of 3 buffer solutions, 10 vials per solution and 10 activations per vial totaling 300 data points.

Results

After performing the dry connection effectiveness test for 300 samples, 0 failures were documented. None of the samples tested across all 3 pH levels created leaks or wet membranes. Furthermore, it should be noted that the controls were positive, confirming the integrity of the test solution. Figure 3 outlines the summary results of the test.

* Each test included 10 manipulations
√ denotes no residuals detected — X denotes residue was detected

Conclusion

Key take away from the study can be summarized below:

  • Commonly found pH levels were tested in this protocol to
    assess its ability to remain dry
  • 300 measurements were generated by this study protocol with no residues found on the surface in any sample
  • Equashield was put to the test for its claim of being able to maintain a dry connection for up to 10 activations and passed the test

Equashield was leak free and dry and meets the NIOSH definition of a closed system transfer device with respect to its ability to maintain dry connections validating vendor’s claims.